Dr. Valerie Irvine - Publications

Journal Articles and Proceedings
Books, Chapters, Monographs
Other

Kehoe, I., & Irvine, V. (In Press). Unlocking Knowledge: A Journey Towards Open Scholarship in Higher Education. The Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science.

Irvine, V., & Miller, M. (In Press). The Landscape of Merging Modalities: Tracing its Evolution and Designs for Pedagogy, Modality, and Access. Learning & Instruction.[Special Issue on Hybridity in Learning and Instruction: Challenges and Opportunities of Here and There Instruction]

Irvine, V., & Miller, M. (In Press). Keeping It Together: Exploring Student Experiences in Multi-Access Learning Environments. Learning & Instruction. [Special Issue on Hybridity in Learning and Instruction: Challenges and Opportunities of Here and There Instruction]

Irvine, V., Miller, M., Bulut, O., Lloyd, J.E.V, Restoule, J.P., & Veletsianos, G. (In Press). Learner Modality Preferences in British Columbia Post-Secondary Education: A Report of Initial Findings. Journal of Technology Integration and Evaluation.

Irvine, V., Miller, M., Bulut, O., Restoule, J.P., & Veletsianos, G. (2024). Developing Scales of Learner Modality Preferences and Perspectives on Online Learning. Proceedings of the Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Conference, 3(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessac.2023.3.1.312

Madland, C., Irvine, V., DeLuca, C., & Bulut, O. (2024). Technology-Integrated Assessment: A Literature Review. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 4(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2024.4.1.57

Madland, C., Irvine, V., DeLuca, C., & Bulut, O. (2024). Developing the Technology-Integrated Assessment Framework. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 4(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2024.4.1.63

Irvine, V., Johnston, S., & Jacobsen, M. (2024). Exploring systemic issues and bias against education research: An examination of 10 years of data of Government of Canada SSHRC doctoral fellowships. Proceedings of the Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Conference, Montreal, Canada, 4(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessac.2024.4.1.42

Cui., H., Irvine, V., Miller, M., & Madland, C. (2024). Creating Capacity for Digital Transformation of Education: Mode and Disciplinary Barriers in the Development of Highly Qualified Personnel. Proceedings of the Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Conference, Montreal, Canada, 4(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessac.2024.4.1.421

Storie, B., Irvine, V., Paskevicius, M., & Miller, M. (2024). Incorporating Reflective Practice as a Means of Improving Student Self-Regulated Learning in a Digital Learning Environment [Special Issue on Graduate Project Highlights]. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 4(3), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2024.4.3.81

Miller, E., Irvine, V., & Paskevicius, M. (2024). Determinants of Change and Technology Adoption in K-12 Schools [Special Issue on Graduate Project Highlights]. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 4(3), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2024.4.3.80

Houghton, E., Soles, G., Vogelsang, A., Irvine, V., Prince, F., Prince, L., Martin, C., Restoule, J.P. & Paskevicius, M. (2024). Cross-Curricular, Inquiry-Based Collaborative Learning in Support of Truth and Reconciliation [Special Issue on Graduate Project Highlights]. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 4(3), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2024.4.3.7

Jackson, B., Irvine, V. (2024). A Unit Plan of One's Own: Digital Pedagogy for Critical Citizenship [Special Issue on Graduate Project Highlights]. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 4(3), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2024.4.3.78

Lake., J., Atkins, H., Irvine, V., Paskevicius, M., & Restoule, J.P. (2024). Facilitating Online Learning with the 5R's: Embedding Indigenous Pedagogy into the Online Space [Special Issue on Graduate Project Highlights]. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 4(3), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2024.4.3.77

Irvine, V., & Jacobsen, M. (2023). The Virtue and Potential of Open Education: For Supporting Belonging, Transformation of Pedagogy, Linguistic Equity, and Climate Adaptation. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 3(2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2023.3.2.60

Bozkurt, A., Xiao, J., Lambert, S., Pazurek, A., Crompton, H., Koseoglu, S., Farrow, R., Bond, M., Nerantzi, C., Honeychurch, S., Bali, M., Dron, J., Mir, K., Stewart, B., Costello, E., Mason, J., Stracke, C., Romero-Hall, E., Koutropoulos, A., Mae Toquero, C., Singh, L., Tlili, A., Lee, K., Nichols, M., Ossiannilsson, E., Brown, M., Irvine, V., Raffaghelli, J.E., Santos-Hermosa, G., Farrell, O., Adam, T., Thong, Y.L., Sani-Bozkurt, S., Sharma, R.C., Hrastinski, S., & Jandrić, P. (2023). Speculative Futures on ChatGPT and Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI): A Collective Reflection from the Educational Intelligence (AI): A Collective Reflection from the Educational Landscape. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 53-130. https://www.asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/709
*Valerie contributed two speculative futures – one positive and one negative:
The kids are going to be alright: Life hacks for oppressive pedagogy pp. 88-89
The academic borg have arrived pp. 118-119

Jacobsen, M., & Irvine, V. (2023). Online and Open Approaches to Supporting a Pedagogy of Care: Research and Practice that Opens Horizons. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 3(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2023.3.2.60

Khoramrooz, B., Miller, M., Irvine, V. (2023). Belonging, Relatedness, Connection, or Social Presence? Theoretical Constructs of Human Connection in Online Learning. Proceedings of the Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Conference, 3(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessac.2023.3.1.312

Miller, M., Irvine, V., & Hewson, H. (2022). Making in-roads toward multi-access learning and teaching. Proceedings of the Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Conference, 3(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessac.2022.2.1.153

Bozkurt, A., Greene, T., & Irvine, V. (2022). Critical Change in the Educational Landscape: Reimagining, Reengineering, and Redesigning a Better Future. Proceedings of the Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Conference, 2(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessac.2022.2.1.126

Houghton, D., Soles, G., Vogelsang, A., Irvine, V., Prince, G., Prince, L., Martin, C., Restoule, J.P., & Paskevicius, M. (2022). Truth and Reconciliation Through Inquiry-based Collaborative Learning. Proceedings of the Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Conference, 2(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessac.2022.2.1.126

Irvine, V., Paskevicius, M., Madland, C., McCue, R., Roberts, V. (2022). Multi-Section Open Course Design: Design and Implications for Faculty, Sessional Instructors, and Learners. Proceedings of the Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Conference, 2(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessac.2022.2.1.419

Veletsianos, G., Jacobsen, M., & Irvine, V. (2021). Promoting Innovation in Research and Practice. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 1(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2021.1.1.1

Irvine, V., Jacobsen, M., & Veletsianos, G. (2021). Evolving Our Scholarly Practice. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 1(2), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2021.1.2.9

Irvine, V., Jacobsen, M., Madland, C., & Scott, A. (2021). Intersections and Connections in Open/Technology, Education, Society, and Scholarship. Proceedings of the Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Conference, 1(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessac.2021.1.1.40

Paskevicius, M., & Irvine, V. (2021). Theoretical and Methodological Approaches for Investigating Open Educational Practices. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 1(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2021.1.2.11

Irvine, V. (2020). The landscape of merging modalities. EDUCAUSE Review, 2020(4), 40–58. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/10/the-landscape-of-merging-modalities

Bozkurt, A., Jung, I., Xiao, J., Vladimirschi, V., Schuwer, R., Egorov, G., Lambert, S., Al-Freih, M., Pete, J., Olcott, Jr., D., Rodes, V., Aranciaga, I., Bali, M., Alvarez, A. J., Roberts, J., Pazurek, A., Raffaghelli, J. E., Panagiotou, N., de Coëtlogon, P., Shahadu, S., Brown, M., Asino, T. I., Tumwesige, J., Ramírez Reyes, T., Barrios Ipenza, E., Ossiannilsson, E., Bond, M., Belhamel, K., Irvine, V., Sharma, R. C., Adam, T., Janssen, B., Sklyarova, T., Olcott, N., Ambrosino, A., Lazou, C., Mocquet, B., Mano, M., & Paskevicius, M. (2020). A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 1-126. https://www.asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/462/307

Paskevicius, M., & Irvine, V. (2019). Practicalities of implementing open pedagogy in higher education. Smart Learning Environments. 6, 23 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-019-0110-5

Paskevicius, M., & Irvine, V. (2019). Open Education and Learning Design: Open Pedagogy in Praxis. Journal of Interactive Media in Education. 1, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-019-0110-5

Cain, W., Bell, J., Cheng, C., Sawaya, S., Peterson, A., Arnold, B., Good, J., Irvine, V., McCue, R. & Little, T. (2015). Synchronous Hybrid Learning Environments: Perspectives on Learning, Instruction, and Technology in Unique Educational Contexts. In D. Rutledge & D. Slykhuis (Eds.), Proceedings of SITE 2015--Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 205-210). Las Vegas, NV, United States: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/p/149990.

Irvine, V., Little, T., Symmons, J., McCue, R. (2015). The role of multi-access learning in mainstreaming open education. Proceeding accepted for the Open Educational Resources Conference. Cardiff, UK: Association for Learning Technology.

Irvine, V., McCue, R., & Symmons, J. (2015, Accepted in 2014). Open education in the 1990s: Revisiting the history of the open education movement. Proceeding accepted for the Open Educational Resources Conference. Cardiff, UK: Association for Learning Technology.

Irvine, V. & Paskevicius, M. (2015, Accepted in 2014). Instructor lens on opening access via multi-access learning. Proceeding accepted for the Open Educational Resources Conference. Cardiff, UK: Association for Learning Technology.

Siemens, G., Irvine, V., Code, J. (2013). Introduction to a Special Issue on Massive Open Online Courses: An Academic Perspective on an Emerging Technological and Social Trend. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, (9)2, 1-4.

Irvine, V., Code, J., & Richards, L. (2013). Realigning higher education for multi-access learning: 21^st century learner need for control. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, (9)2, 24-38. https://jolt.merlot.org/vol9no2/irvine_0613.htm

Elbert, J., Code, J., & Irvine, V. (2013, Sept). iPads on Practicum: Perspectives of a Preservice Teacher. The Arbutus Review, (3)3.

Elbert, J., Code, J. & Irvine, V. (2013). Integrating iPads: Perspectives and Possibilities in a High School ELA Context. In Jan Herrington et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2013 (pp. 1739-1742). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.

Irvine, V., Parsons, C., Bailey, A. & Richards, L. (2013). Privacy Issues vs. Pedagogical Benefits in Cloud Computing Implementation. In Jan Herrington et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2013 (pp. 622-625). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.

Irvine, V., Lee, M., Code, J. & Richards, L. (2013). Multi-access learning: Increasing flexibility and choice for on-campus and remote students. In Jan Herrington et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2013 (pp. 840-845). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.

Irvine, V.,Richards, L., Bunyan, G. & Reid, S. (2013). Instructor Perspectives from a Pilot in Multi-Access Learning. In Jan Herrington et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2013 (p. 1384). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.

Marchand, A.R., Irvine, V. & Riessner, S. (2013). Adapting a Face-to-Face Faculty Development Model to Support Online and Videoconferenced Instruction: Experiences with the Instructional Skills Workshop. In Jan Herrington et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2013 (p. 2168). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.

Alabi, H., Code, J. & Irvine, V. (2013). Visualizing Learning Analytics: Designing A Roadmap For Success. In Jan Herrington et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2013 (pp. 951-959). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.

Irvine, V. & Hermanson, D. (2010). Web Presence in K-12 Education. In J. Sanchez & K. Zhang (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2010 (pp. 1831-1833). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.

Irvine, V. (2010). Exploring Learner Needs for Collaboration and Access. In Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2010 (pp. 1093-1097). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. *cited by 10 according to LearnTech Library

Irvine, V.,Connelly, C. & Beer, C. (2010). Evaluation of Preservice Teachers’ Technology Acceptance. In J. Herrington & C. Montgomerie (Eds.), Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2010--World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications (pp. 2220-2222). Toronto, Canada: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/34946/.

Birch, A., & Irvine, V. (2009). Preservice teachers’ acceptance of ICT integration in the classroom: Applying the UTAUT model. Educational Media International. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980903387506 *One of the few closed-access articles I have. Access a downloaded copy. *97 citations according to CrossRef

Irvine, V. (2009). The Emergence of Choice in “Multi-Access” Learning Environments: Transferring Locus of Control of Course Access to the Learner. In G. Siemens & C. Fulford (Eds.), Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2009--World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications (pp. 746-752). Honolulu, HI, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/31583/.

Irvine, V. & Hadwin, A. (2009). The Technology Integration and Evaluation (TIE) Research Lab: Innovative Directions in Educational Research. In G. Siemens & C. Fulford (Eds.), Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2009--World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications (pp. 181-182). Honolulu, HI, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/31498/.

Hall, W., & Irvine, V. (2009). E-communication among mothers of infants and toddlers in a community-based cohort: A content analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(1), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04856.x

Irvine, V. (2007). Exploring Technology Integration in Canadian Faculties of Education: Themes of Barriers and Facilitators. In C. Montgomerie & J. Seale (Eds.), Proceedings of ED-MEDIA: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications (pp. 82-91). Vancouver, Canada: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/25362/.

Irvine, V., Hall, W. & Hunting, V. (2005). Exploring the nature and effects of community-based, cohort-based e-support on parents of infants and toddlers. In G. Richards (Ed.), Proceedings of E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (pp. 2120-2122). Vancouver, Canada: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/21509/.

Irvine, V. & Davies, J. (2005). Developing an Overview of K-12 ICT Curriculum in Canadian Provinces and Territories. In C. Crawford, R. Carlsen, I. Gibson, K. McFerrin, J. Price, R. Weber & D. Willis (Eds.), Proceedings of the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 3242-3244). Phoenix, AZ, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/19624/.

Davies, J. & Irvine, V. (2005). Technology Professional Development at a Canadian Faculty of Education. In C. Crawford, R. Carlsen, I. Gibson, K. McFerrin, J. Price, R. Weber & D. Willis (Eds.), Proceedings of the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1144-1148). Phoenix, AZ, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE) https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/19178/

Smolin, L., Lawless, K., Leneway, R., Irvine, V., Judd, D. & Pruitt-Mentle, D. (2005). Models of Inservice Professional Development: An Exploration of Effective Practices. In C. Crawford, R. Carlsen, I. Gibson, K. McFerrin, J. Price, R. Weber & D. Willis (Eds.), Proceedings of the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1583-1586). Phoenix, AZ, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/19269/.

Smolin, L., Lawless, K., Leneway, R., Irvine, V., Judd, D. & Pruitt-Mentle, D. (2005). University/School Professional Development Partnerships: A Sharing of Models and Evaluation Issues, Part 1. In C. Crawford, R. Carlsen, I. Gibson, K. McFerrin, J. Price, R. Weber & D. Willis (Eds.), Proceedings of the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (p. 1587). Phoenix, AZ, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/19270/

Smolin, L., Lawless, K., Leneway, R., Irvine, V., Judd, D. & Pruitt-Mentle, D. (2005). University/School Professional Development Partnerships: A Sharing of Models and Evaluation Issues, Part 2. In C. Crawford, R. Carlsen, I. Gibson, K. McFerrin, J. Price, R. Weber & D. Willis (Eds.), Proceedings of the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1588-1594). Phoenix, AZ, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/19271/.

Irvine, V. & Williamson, M. (2003). Barriers and Opportunities in Implementing E-Learning in Post-Secondary Education. In D. Lassner & C. McNaught (Eds.), Proceedings of ED-MEDIA: World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications (pp. 2833-2836). Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/11169/.

Irvine, V., Mappin, D. & Code, J. (2003). Preparing Teachers to Teach Online: The Role of Faculties of Education. In D. Lassner & C. McNaught (Eds.), Proceedings of ED-MEDIA World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications (pp. 1978-1981). Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/11148/.

Montgomerie, T.C., & Irvine, V. (2001). Computer skill requirements for new and existing teachers: Implications for policy and practice. Journal of Teaching and Learning, 1(1), 43-55.

Irvine, V. & Montgomerie, T.C. (2001). A Survey of Current Computer Skill Standards and Implications for Teacher Education. In C. Montgomerie & J. Viteli (Eds.), Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2001--World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications (pp. 806-811). Norfolk, VA USA: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/8747/.

Montgomerie, T.C., Irvine, V., & Davenport, M. (2001). Design and Implementation of a Next Generation Distance Education System. In Proceedings: PTC2001 From Convergence to Emergence: Will the user rule? Honolulu, HI: Pacific Telecommunications Council.

Irvine, V. & Montgomerie, T.C. (2000). The Role of Active Learning in the Comparison of Web-based and Face-to-Face Instruction. In Proceedings of WebNet World Conference on the WWW and Internet 2000 (pp. 893-894). San Antonio, Texas: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/6555/.

Montgomerie, T.C. & Irvine, V. (2000). Specifying the Next Generation Distance Education System. In Proceedings of WebNet World Conference on the WWW and Internet (pp. 922-923). San Antonio, Texas: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/11183/.

Irvine, V., as cited in Major, C. (2015). A profile pullout of Valerie Irvine and multi-access learning in Teaching Online: A Guide to Theory, Research, and Practice. John Hopkins University Press.

Reports

Veletsianos, G., Irvine, V., Johnson, N. (2023). Online Delivery Trends: Online, Hybrid, and Multi-Access Learning and Teaching in British Columbia--Post-Pandemic Trends and Intentions. B.C. Council on Admissions and Transfer.

OTESSA. (2021). OTESSA’s Submission for the Government of Canada’s Federal Pre-Budget Consultations. The Open/Technology in Education, Society, and Scholarship Association Journal, 1(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.18357/otessaj.2021.1.1.7

Milman, N., Irvine, V., Kelly, K., Miller, J., Saichai, K. (2021). 7 Things You Should Know About the HyFlex Course Model. EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative. https://library.educause.edu/resources/2020/7/7-things-you-should-know-about-the-hyflex-course-model and https://library.educause.edu/-/media/files/library/2020/7/eli7173.pdf

Williamson, M. & Irvine, V. (2003). E-learning in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Human Resources Development Canada.

Montgomerie, T.C., & Irvine, V. (2001) "Computer Skill Requirements for New and Existing Teachers: Implications for Policy and Practice." Edmonton: University of Alberta.

Datasets

Irvine, V., Miller, M. Bulut, O., Restoule, J.P. (2024). Modalities of education (MODE) learner preferences and intentions and perspectives of online learning (POL) survey data of British Columbia postsecondary students [Data set]. Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 4.0 International license.

Popular Media

Irvine, V. (2021). Why NOT to Quit after First Attempts in Online and Hybrid Learning. Exploring the Intersection and Biases Around Pedagogy, Modality, and Access in Schools. Education Canada, Winter 2021. https://www.edcan.ca/articles/why-not-to-quit-online-and-hybrid-learning/

Irvine, V. (2020, August 31). Hit the Brakes: Five Things That Must Change Before BC Schools Reopen. The Tyee. https://thetyee.ca/Analysis/2020/08/31/Five-Things-Before-BC-Schools-Reopen/